Country or area · Northern Europe · Europe · UN WPP 2024

Estonia population

Estonia population now

1,329,327

A projection read at this second, not a count: the UN's totals for 1 January 2026 and 2027, joined by a straight line. 95% range for 31 December 2026: 1.3–1.3 million.

Mid-2023, UN estimate: 1,367,196

Year: 2026; projection · medium
Population, mid-2026: 1.33106 million; 95% range, 31 Dec: 1.3–1.3 million
Median age: 44.2
Aged 65+: 22.3%

Move through time, 1950–2100

2023 | 2024

male female projection · one cell = 200 people

How to read this: one row for each age, newborns at the bottom; men on the left, women on the right.

Verified 2026-09-30 · 73 canaries

EST · 1950–2100 · in brief

Estonia in numbers

Estonia had 1,367,196 people in mid-2023, the 157th-largest population of the 236 countries and areas the UN reports, and 0.02% of the world's people. That is 1.2 times its 1950 population of 1.1 million.

Its population peaked in 1990 at 1.6 million and has been falling since. The UN's medium projection has 826 thousand in 2100. The projection is uncertain: on 1 January 2100 the UN's 95% range runs from 334 thousand to 1.9 million.

2011 was the last year births kept up with deaths. Every year since has had more deaths than births, as does every projected year to 2100. Deaths also outnumbered births in 1991–2009.

The median age was 30.0 in 1950 and 42.9 in 2023; the projection has 53.1 in 2100. 20.9% of people were 65 or older in 2023, against 35.3% projected for 2100. The working-age population (15–64) peaked in 1990 at 1.0 million; in 2023 it was 863 thousand.

By size it is the 157th country in 2023; the projection puts it 162nd in 2050 and 168th in 2100. It is overtaken by Cyprus in 2025, Eswatini in 2030 and Djibouti in 2032.

Population, mid-2023: 1,367,196
Rank by population, 2023: 157 of 236
Share of the world, 2023: 0.02%
Change in a year, mid-2022 to mid-2023: +1.27% · +17,104 people
People per km² of land, 2023: 32
Land area, 2023: 42,730 km²
Births, 2023: 11,036
Deaths, 2023: 16,693
Net migration, 2023: +5,717
Children per woman, 2023: 1.35
Median age, 2023: 42.9 years
Life expectancy at birth, 2023: 79.2 years
In a city, 2025: 39 of every 100
Population, mid-1950: 1,102,041
Projected, mid-2050: 1,174,268
Projected, mid-2100: 825,503

EST · 1950–2100 · total population

Population, 1950–2100

estimates | projections0500 k1 m1.5 m2 m1950197520002025205020752100

estimate projection, up to the bottom of the 95% range 95% range medium projection. Each column is the population on 1 January of one year; the paper rules cut it into equal cells.

Show the numbers: Estonia, 1950–2100

Estonia: population on 1 January, births, deaths, fertility and life expectancy, 1950–2100
Year	Kind	Population, 1 Jan	95% range	Births	Deaths	Children per woman	Life expectancy
1950	estimate	1,094,831		20,142	13,649	2.27	66.4
1951	estimate	1,109,252		20,652	13,577	2.27	66.8
1952	estimate	1,123,144		21,004	13,464	2.26	67.2
1953	estimate	1,136,608		20,210	13,374	2.13	67.5
1954	estimate	1,148,673		20,862	13,311	2.16	67.8
1955	estimate	1,160,935		20,727	13,221	2.11	68.2
1956	estimate	1,172,808		19,701	13,117	1.97	68.5
1957	estimate	1,183,534		19,510	13,068	1.92	68.8
1958	estimate	1,194,023		19,709	13,172	1.92	68.8
1959	estimate	1,206,789		20,009	13,691	1.95	68.7
1960	estimate	1,213,090		20,191	13,232	1.98	69.3
1961	estimate	1,227,816		20,190	13,471	1.99	69.6
1962	estimate	1,242,519		19,792	13,831	1.96	69.8
1963	estimate	1,256,730		19,129	13,486	1.90	69.9
1964	estimate	1,270,782		19,348	12,963	1.95	70.7
1965	estimate	1,285,898		18,653	13,688	1.90	70.7
1966	estimate	1,299,710		18,387	13,944	1.88	70.7
1967	estimate	1,313,166		18,492	13,819	1.90	71.0
1968	estimate	1,326,940		19,616	14,310	2.02	70.6
1969	estimate	1,341,658		20,634	15,203	2.12	70.3
1970	estimate	1,355,746		21,282	15,196	2.17	70.4
1971	estimate	1,367,985		21,697	15,022	2.20	70.6
1972	estimate	1,381,044		21,382	15,482	2.15	70.4
1973	estimate	1,393,380		20,945	15,514	2.08	70.7
1974	estimate	1,405,303		21,219	15,324	2.08	70.8
1975	estimate	1,417,791		21,181	16,492	2.04	70.1
1976	estimate	1,429,216		21,633	17,264	2.06	69.7
1977	estimate	1,440,527		21,889	17,006	2.06	69.8
1978	estimate	1,452,601		21,730	17,716	2.02	69.7
1979	estimate	1,463,846		21,785	17,949	2.01	69.4
1980	estimate	1,472,199		22,026	18,116	2.02	69.5
1981	estimate	1,480,727		22,689	18,271	2.08	69.3
1982	estimate	1,489,951		22,913	17,818	2.09	69.9
1983	estimate	1,499,866		23,876	18,105	2.17	69.8
1984	estimate	1,510,609		24,019	19,026	2.18	69.6
1985	estimate	1,520,610		23,468	19,233	2.13	69.8
1986	estimate	1,529,949		23,927	17,902	2.17	70.9
1987	estimate	1,541,237		24,868	18,225	2.26	70.9
1988	estimate	1,553,272		24,855	18,461	2.27	71.0
1989	estimate	1,564,922		24,181	18,478	2.21	70.5
1990	estimate	1,570,254		22,221	19,462	2.04	69.9
1991	estimate	1,570,353		19,483	19,715	1.80	69.8
1992	estimate	1,560,414		18,159	20,169	1.70	69.2
1993	estimate	1,520,010		15,450	21,285	1.49	68.2
1994	estimate	1,488,674		14,291	22,232	1.41	66.7
1995	estimate	1,462,754		13,600	20,886	1.37	67.8
1996	estimate	1,442,800		13,296	19,062	1.36	70.0
1997	estimate	1,426,502		12,613	18,558	1.31	70.2
1998	estimate	1,416,490		12,203	19,486	1.27	69.8
1999	estimate	1,405,915		12,340	18,435	1.29	70.7
2000	estimate	1,401,240		13,011	18,412	1.35	71.0
2001	estimate	1,392,754		12,652	18,536	1.31	70.8
2002	estimate	1,383,589		12,973	18,388	1.35	71.4
2003	estimate	1,375,281		13,049	18,208	1.36	71.9
2004	estimate	1,366,419		13,953	17,762	1.47	72.4
2005	estimate	1,358,933		14,372	17,329	1.51	73.0
2006	estimate	1,350,762		14,923	17,335	1.58	73.2
2007	estimate	1,342,999		15,787	17,439	1.69	73.2
2008	estimate	1,338,410		16,043	16,685	1.72	74.3
2009	estimate	1,335,738		15,796	16,123	1.70	75.2
2010	estimate	1,333,319		15,822	15,783	1.72	75.9
2011	estimate	1,329,578		14,750	15,252	1.62	76.3
2012	estimate	1,325,137		14,097	15,457	1.56	76.4
2013	estimate	1,320,095		13,585	15,251	1.52	77.3
2014	estimate	1,315,744		13,599	15,506	1.54	77.1
2015	estimate	1,313,160		13,819	15,253	1.58	77.7
2016	estimate	1,315,992		14,027	15,392	1.60	77.8
2017	estimate	1,315,706		13,804	15,565	1.60	78.2
2018	estimate	1,319,143		14,309	15,757	1.67	78.3
2019	estimate	1,324,786		14,079	15,395	1.66	78.8
2020	estimate	1,328,857		13,235	15,302	1.59	78.9
2021	estimate	1,330,482		13,118	17,627	1.59	77.4
2022	estimate	1,333,017		11,481	17,084	1.41	78.2
2023	estimate	1,367,166		11,036	16,693	1.35	79.2
2024	estimate	1,367,226		10,926	16,550	1.36	79.3
2025	projection	1,353,866	1.3–1.4 million	10,605	16,530	1.38	79.5
2026	projection	1,334,598	1.3–1.3 million	10,156	16,502	1.38	79.6
2027	projection	1,327,526	1.3–1.3 million	9,951	16,494	1.39	79.8
2028	projection	1,320,415	1.3–1.3 million	9,788	16,475	1.40	80.0
2029	projection	1,313,312	1.3–1.3 million	9,661	16,450	1.41	80.1
2030	projection	1,306,302	1.3–1.3 million	9,581	16,432	1.42	80.3
2031	projection	1,299,242	1.3–1.3 million	9,528	16,430	1.43	80.4
2032	projection	1,292,202	1.2–1.4 million	9,504	16,407	1.43	80.6
2033	projection	1,285,229	1.2–1.4 million	9,554	16,408	1.44	80.8
2034	projection	1,278,377	1.2–1.4 million	9,619	16,417	1.44	80.9
2035	projection	1,271,574	1.2–1.4 million	9,723	16,437	1.45	81.1
2036	projection	1,264,968	1.2–1.4 million	9,859	16,471	1.46	81.2
2037	projection	1,258,441	1.2–1.4 million	10,010	16,494	1.46	81.4
2038	projection	1,252,096	1.1–1.4 million	10,130	16,543	1.47	81.5
2039	projection	1,245,920	1.1–1.4 million	10,245	16,583	1.47	81.7
2040	projection	1,239,803	1.1–1.4 million	10,351	16,625	1.47	81.8
2041	projection	1,233,771	1.1–1.4 million	10,432	16,674	1.48	82.0
2042	projection	1,227,690	1.1–1.4 million	10,483	16,713	1.48	82.1
2043	projection	1,221,592	1.1–1.4 million	10,504	16,752	1.48	82.3
2044	projection	1,215,495	1.1–1.4 million	10,512	16,784	1.49	82.4
2045	projection	1,209,291	1.0–1.4 million	10,474	16,815	1.49	82.5
2046	projection	1,203,077	1.0–1.4 million	10,405	16,835	1.50	82.7
2047	projection	1,196,817	1.0–1.4 million	10,279	16,822	1.50	82.8
2048	projection	1,190,507	1.0–1.4 million	10,129	16,808	1.50	82.9
2049	projection	1,184,203	1.0–1.5 million	9,968	16,766	1.50	83.1
2050	projection	1,177,624	1.0–1.5 million	9,775	16,727	1.51	83.2
2051	projection	1,170,911	0.9–1.5 million	9,553	16,680	1.51	83.3
2052	projection	1,164,027	0.9–1.5 million	9,327	16,628	1.51	83.5
2053	projection	1,157,124	0.9–1.5 million	9,097	16,556	1.51	83.6
2054	projection	1,150,015	0.9–1.5 million	8,868	16,505	1.52	83.7
2055	projection	1,142,842	0.9–1.5 million	8,651	16,452	1.52	83.9
2056	projection	1,135,363	0.9–1.5 million	8,444	16,406	1.52	84.0
2057	projection	1,127,814	0.9–1.5 million	8,251	16,358	1.52	84.1
2058	projection	1,120,185	0.8–1.5 million	8,082	16,306	1.52	84.3
2059	projection	1,112,373	0.8–1.5 million	7,936	16,270	1.53	84.4
2060	projection	1,104,518	0.8–1.6 million	7,818	16,243	1.53	84.5
2061	projection	1,096,413	0.8–1.6 million	7,719	16,213	1.53	84.6
2062	projection	1,088,347	0.8–1.6 million	7,662	16,167	1.53	84.8
2063	projection	1,080,262	0.8–1.6 million	7,623	16,133	1.53	84.9
2064	projection	1,072,188	0.8–1.6 million	7,606	16,121	1.54	85.0
2065	projection	1,064,084	0.7–1.6 million	7,603	16,092	1.54	85.1
2066	projection	1,055,990	0.7–1.6 million	7,626	16,069	1.54	85.3
2067	projection	1,047,972	0.7–1.6 million	7,642	16,060	1.54	85.4
2068	projection	1,039,929	0.7–1.6 million	7,671	16,036	1.54	85.5
2069	projection	1,031,968	0.7–1.6 million	7,696	16,006	1.54	85.6
2070	projection	1,023,991	0.7–1.6 million	7,733	15,967	1.54	85.7
2071	projection	1,015,979	0.6–1.6 million	7,759	15,906	1.54	85.8
2072	projection	1,008,102	0.6–1.7 million	7,779	15,844	1.54	86.0
2073	projection	1,000,336	0.6–1.7 million	7,798	15,778	1.54	86.1
2074	projection	992,639	0.6–1.7 million	7,811	15,696	1.55	86.2
2075	projection	985,050	0.6–1.7 million	7,804	15,609	1.55	86.3
2076	projection	977,626	0.6–1.7 million	7,788	15,506	1.55	86.5
2077	projection	970,254	0.6–1.7 million	7,752	15,395	1.55	86.6
2078	projection	962,894	0.5–1.7 million	7,694	15,245	1.55	86.7
2079	projection	955,619	0.5–1.7 million	7,621	15,078	1.55	86.8
2080	projection	948,470	0.5–1.7 million	7,545	14,891	1.55	86.9
2081	projection	941,456	0.5–1.7 million	7,456	14,693	1.55	87.0
2082	projection	934,614	0.5–1.7 million	7,363	14,467	1.55	87.2
2083	projection	927,789	0.5–1.7 million	7,257	14,223	1.56	87.3
2084	projection	921,013	0.5–1.7 million	7,139	13,967	1.56	87.4
2085	projection	914,302	0.5–1.7 million	7,022	13,711	1.56	87.5
2086	projection	907,858	0.5–1.8 million	6,906	13,447	1.56	87.6
2087	projection	901,542	0.4–1.8 million	6,796	13,178	1.56	87.8
2088	projection	895,387	0.4–1.8 million	6,686	12,927	1.56	87.9
2089	projection	889,530	0.4–1.8 million	6,590	12,686	1.56	88.0
2090	projection	883,722	0.4–1.8 million	6,490	12,475	1.56	88.1
2091	projection	877,998	0.4–1.8 million	6,408	12,290	1.56	88.2
2092	projection	872,413	0.4–1.8 million	6,336	12,152	1.57	88.3
2093	projection	866,893	0.4–1.8 million	6,275	12,045	1.57	88.4
2094	projection	861,325	0.4–1.8 million	6,219	11,972	1.57	88.5
2095	projection	855,843	0.4–1.9 million	6,181	11,922	1.57	88.7
2096	projection	850,291	0.4–1.9 million	6,143	11,914	1.57	88.8
2097	projection	844,713	0.4–1.9 million	6,122	11,920	1.57	88.9
2098	projection	839,275	0.4–1.9 million	6,108	11,944	1.57	89.0
2099	projection	833,846	0.3–1.9 million	6,098	11,985	1.57	89.1
2100	projection	828,296	0.3–1.9 million	6,095	12,040	1.57	89.2

Show the numbers: Estonia, mid-2026, by single year of age

Estonia: population by single year of age, mid-2026
Age	Male	Female
0	5,253	4,940
1	5,334	4,996
2	5,428	5,081
3	5,704	5,345
4	6,386	5,993
5	6,900	6,483
6	7,171	6,792
7	7,486	7,140
8	7,499	7,017
9	7,538	6,884
10	7,609	7,027
11	7,426	7,047
12	7,302	7,024
13	7,393	7,086
14	7,650	7,232
15	8,058	7,584
16	8,178	7,827
17	8,142	7,816
18	8,108	7,698
19	7,797	7,324
20	7,476	6,906
21	7,134	6,698
22	6,677	6,464
23	6,403	6,236
24	6,329	6,034
25	6,405	5,922
26	6,300	5,914
27	6,119	5,857
28	6,342	5,973
29	6,711	6,278
30	6,901	6,476
31	7,034	6,658
32	7,514	6,947
33	8,390	7,620
34	9,056	8,264
35	9,832	8,830
36	10,782	9,598
37	11,141	9,998
38	11,162	10,034
39	10,854	9,753
40	10,498	9,552
41	10,408	9,632
42	10,392	9,628
43	10,121	9,442
44	9,862	9,221
45	9,726	9,107
46	9,559	9,032
47	9,452	8,928
48	9,498	8,955
49	9,515	9,086
50	9,382	9,082
51	9,285	9,080
52	9,210	9,042
53	9,268	9,073
54	9,332	9,302
55	9,147	9,366
56	8,800	9,210
57	8,474	8,860
58	7,958	8,507
59	7,642	8,369
60	7,601	8,471
61	7,666	8,684
62	7,760	8,779
63	7,796	8,957
64	7,818	9,370
65	7,685	9,552
66	7,476	9,477
67	7,144	9,329
68	6,796	9,188
69	6,496	9,131
70	6,378	9,184
71	6,188	9,148
72	5,727	8,757
73	5,393	8,527
74	5,120	8,569
75	4,754	8,286
76	4,565	8,204
77	4,279	8,022
78	3,870	7,402
79	3,422	6,770
80	2,719	5,684
81	2,255	4,906
82	2,099	4,646
83	2,101	4,852
84	2,191	5,498
85	1,978	5,256
86	1,683	4,748
87	1,482	4,455
88	1,274	4,030
89	1,036	3,391
90	790	2,698
91	590	2,157
92	456	1,731
93	371	1,484
94	289	1,210
95	218	904
96	152	667
97	102	488
98	68	330
99	40	210
100+	47	315

EST · 1950–2100 · every age, every year

Estonia, every age in every year

Each column is a year and each row an age; the denser the ink in a cell, the more people. Everyone born in the same year climbs one 45° diagonal, so famines, baby booms and migration show up as streaks. Select a cell to follow its generation.

EST · ages 15–64

Who does the work in Estonia

Estonia had the most working-age people it is ever expected to have in 1990: 1,038,370 people aged 15–64, against 862,942 in 2023.

100 aged 15–64

25 children

33 aged 65+

aged 15–64 children under 15 aged 65 and over

How to read this: the orange squares are 100 people aged 15–64 in 2023, and the rows below are how many children (teal) and how many people aged 65 or older (violet) lived alongside them.

Fewer than 50 dependants live alongside every 100 people aged 15–64 in 13 years: 1999–2011.

fewer than 50 dependants per 100 the same, projected 50 or more

How to read this: the strip runs 1950 to 2100. Coloured years are the ones with under 50 dependants for every 100 people aged 15–64; grey years are the rest, and a hatched year has not happened yet.

How every country compares

EST · arrivals minus departures

Who arrives in Estonia, and who leaves

In 2020–2025 Estonia gains 7,988 people a year: everyone who arrives, minus everyone who leaves. The age at which that happens most is 35–39, at 585 a year more arriving than leaving.

one square = 100 people a year

020406080+

more arrive than leave more leave than arrive

How to read this: left to right is age, from babies to 100. Blue squares above the line are ages at which more people arrive than leave; orange squares below it, ages at which more leave than arrive. These are the UN's projection for 2020–2025. There is no record of migration by age before 2020.

Its best and worst years between 1950 and 2023: a gain of 39,754 (2022), and a loss of 38,391 (1992).

In 2024, 203,046 people living in Estonia had been born in another country, 15 of every 100 people there, against 24 in 1990.

How migration works everywhere

EST · births by the mother's age · 1950–2100

Who has the babies in Estonia

Of every 100 babies born in Estonia in 2023, 2 had a mother under 20, 70 a mother aged 20 to 34 and 28 a mother aged 35 or older. In 1950 it was 5 under 20 and 17 aged 35 or older.

1950
5 · 78 · 17

2023
2 · 70 · 28

2050 · projected
1 · 69 · 30

The mother's age: under 20 20 to 34 35 or older projected

How to read this: each block is 100 babies born in that year, one square each, coloured by how old the mother was. The numbers under a block are the three groups, youngest mothers first.

Babies born, 2023: 11,036
Average age when women have a baby: 31.0 years; 28.8 in 1950
Babies a year per 1,000 girls aged 15–19: 5; 19 in 1950

Babies by the mother's age, 1950–2100

Babies born in Estonia by the mother's age
Mother's age	1950	1975	2000	2023	2050 projected	2100 projected
10–14	1	2	4	2	1	0
15–19	921	1,850	1,289	180	80	62
20–24	6,218	8,670	4,075	1,044	721	592
25–29	6,503	6,113	3,985	2,811	2,446	1,733
30–34	3,080	2,732	2,435	3,875	3,627	2,073
35–39	2,402	1,480	977	2,421	2,142	1,197
40–44	965	317	239	641	671	373
45–49	52	17	7	61	85	63
50–54	0	0	0	1	2	2
All babies	20,142	21,181	13,011	11,036	9,775	6,095

The UN's births for each year, split by the mother's age in the UN's own proportions.

EST · healthy years · 2021

Years in good health in Estonia

A baby born in Estonia in 2021 could expect 77.1 years of life, 66.7 of them in full health (95% range 66.0–67.5). That leaves 10.4 years in less than full health, more than the world's 9.5: a longer life usually brings a longer stretch of illness near its end.

Women

69.2 in full health, 12.0 not: 81.2 years

Men

64.1 in full health, 8.7 not: 72.8 years

a year in full health a year in less than full health

How to read this: each square is a year of life, each row ten years; filled squares are years in full health, rounded to whole years.

Women: 69.2 healthy years of 81.2. Men: 64.1 of 72.8. In 2019, before the pandemic, the healthy years were 68.4.

EST · forced from home · end of 2025

Displacement in Estonia

At the end of 2025, Estonia was hosting 41,620 people who had crossed a border into it, about 31 of every 1,000 people living there.

hosted from abroad41,620
Estonia nationals abroad138

stayed inside their own country crossed a border

How to read this: count the squares — 1,000 people each, so the rows can be compared with one another. The last row is people from Estonia living in another country, wherever they are. An outlined square means fewer people than one square stands for.

In 2025, 994 people asked for asylum in Estonia for the first time; 38 people from Estonia asked for asylum in another country. Who asks for asylum, and who is given it

How the world's displacement is counted

EST · of every 100 people

How people live in Estonia

Of every 100 people in Estonia in 2025, 39 lived in a city, 27 in a town or suburb and 34 in the countryside.

cities towns and suburbs rural areas

Nearly everyone has electricity at home (2024). 7.8 of every 100 do not use the internet (2024).

How to read this: 100 squares, one for every 100th person, coloured by where they live, as the key says. The same rule is used in every country.

How the world's people live

EST · adults 25 and over · 2020

How far people in Estonia went in school

Almost every adult in Estonia went to school: of every 100 in 2020, 82 finished upper secondary or went further.

3 finished primary 15 finished lower secondary 36 finished upper secondary 46 studied after school

The ones who finished upper secondary are projected to be most numerous in 2020, before its people aged 15 to 64 as a whole (2025).

How to read this: 100 squares, one for every hundredth adult aged 25 or over, from least schooling on the left to most on the right. Counted by the Wittgenstein Centre for 2020.

How far the world's people went in school

EST · cities · 2025

Cities in Estonia

Estonia had 2 cities in 2025, home to 521,649 people. The largest, Tallinn, holds 33 of every 100 people in Estonia.

Tallinn439,526
Tartu82,123

How to read this: one bar for each of the 2 largest cities, 2025, all on the same scale. "City" here means the built-up area the UN measures, not the boundary the city draws itself.

All the world's cities

Apparatus

Sources and method

Every figure on this page comes from the UN's World Population Prospects 2024: the annual country tables (estimates to 2023, projections with 95% intervals from 2024), and the population by single year of age and sex for the pyramid.

The censuses, surveys and registers behind the UN's estimates for Estonia are listed, source by source, on the UN's own data sources page.

Sources: UN WPP 2024 · World Bank · UNHCR · country code lists · UN WUP 2025 · Wittgenstein Centre · WHO GHO · flag-icons · Natural Earth. Every source, its licence and how to cite it →

Checked before it was drawn

Verified 2026-09-30 · 73 canaries The pyramid for every year was checked against the published total. What that stamp counts, and what every page here has to pass before it can be built: how this site checks its figures.