Region · UN WPP 2024

Europe population

Europe population now

743,223,451

A projection read at this second, not a count: the UN's totals for 1 January 2026 and 2027, joined by a straight line.

Mid-2023, UN estimate: 745,602,874

Year: 2026; projection · medium
Population, mid-2026: 743.482 million
Median age: 44.1
Aged 65+: 21.4%

Move through time, 1950–2100

2023 | 2024

male female projection · one cell = 100,000 people

How to read this: one row for each age, newborns at the bottom; men on the left, women on the right.

Verified 2026-09-30 · 73 canaries

AGG · 1950–2100 · in brief

Europe in numbers

745,602,874 people lived in Europe in mid-2023: 9.2% of the world's people. That is 1.4 times its 1950 population of 549 million. It covers 49 countries and areas; the largest are Russia (19.5%), Germany (11.3%), the United Kingdom (9.2%), France (8.9%) and Italy (8.0%).

Its population peaked in 2020 at 750 million and has been falling since. The UN's medium projection has 592 million in 2100.

Deaths have outnumbered births every year since 2015, and do so in every projected year to 2100. Deaths also outnumbered births in 1993–2007. The population still grew until 2020, because more people arrived than left.

The median age was 28.6 in 1950 and 43.2 in 2023; the projection has 49.6 in 2100. 20.1% of people were 65 or older in 2023, against 31.8% projected for 2100. The working-age population (15–64) peaked in 2010 at 504 million; in 2023 it was 480 million.

Population, mid-2023: 745,602,874
Share of the world, 2023: 9.2%
Change in a year, mid-2022 to mid-2023: −0.18% · −1,361,718 people
Births, 2023: 6,337,695
Deaths, 2023: 8,293,264
Net migration, 2023: +1,510,377
Children per woman, 2023: 1.40
Median age, 2023: 43.2 years
Life expectancy at birth, 2023: 79.1 years
Population, mid-1950: 548,867,474
Projected, mid-2050: 703,027,759
Projected, mid-2100: 592,250,635

AGG · 1950–2100 · total population

Population, 1950–2100

estimates | projections0200 m400 m600 m800 m1950197520002025205020752100

estimate projection (medium). Every column stands for a single year, counted on 1 January, and the paper rules slice it into cells of equal size.

Show the numbers: Europe, 1950–2100

Europe: population on 1 January, births, deaths, fertility and life expectancy, 1950–2100
Year	Kind	Population, 1 Jan	Births	Deaths	Children per woman	Life expectancy
1950	estimate	546,284,139	12,167,798	6,461,313	2.70	62.0
1951	estimate	551,450,808	12,066,148	6,614,369	2.66	61.9
1952	estimate	556,218,812	12,050,251	6,310,222	2.65	63.3
1953	estimate	561,361,173	11,993,506	6,256,571	2.62	64.0
1954	estimate	566,926,293	12,043,686	6,091,590	2.63	64.9
1955	estimate	572,562,106	12,070,477	6,020,820	2.62	65.7
1956	estimate	578,324,953	12,059,533	5,924,979	2.61	66.8
1957	estimate	583,987,650	12,143,271	5,940,881	2.61	67.0
1958	estimate	590,387,502	12,134,428	5,718,317	2.60	68.0
1959	estimate	596,852,256	12,222,241	5,779,940	2.60	68.3
1960	estimate	602,787,836	12,182,189	5,798,995	2.59	68.7
1961	estimate	608,846,537	12,060,953	5,748,796	2.57	69.2
1962	estimate	614,877,180	11,763,196	5,966,204	2.52	69.1
1963	estimate	620,754,346	11,670,822	5,997,050	2.52	69.4
1964	estimate	626,431,446	11,455,846	5,835,079	2.49	70.0
1965	estimate	631,878,473	11,101,917	6,023,872	2.44	70.0
1966	estimate	636,947,156	10,961,779	6,057,441	2.42	70.2
1967	estimate	641,879,447	10,971,322	6,148,888	2.42	70.3
1968	estimate	646,326,630	10,777,483	6,397,344	2.37	70.2
1969	estimate	650,901,120	10,670,281	6,597,390	2.33	70.0
1970	estimate	655,376,513	10,564,868	6,563,257	2.28	70.3
1971	estimate	658,620,583	10,642,399	6,619,893	2.27	70.5
1972	estimate	663,291,831	10,518,436	6,660,344	2.21	70.7
1973	estimate	667,751,096	10,327,331	6,756,413	2.14	70.8
1974	estimate	671,848,431	10,443,501	6,790,753	2.13	71.0
1975	estimate	675,634,406	10,306,751	6,973,073	2.07	70.9
1976	estimate	678,924,924	10,272,948	7,048,402	2.03	71.0
1977	estimate	682,388,830	10,197,999	7,025,952	1.99	71.2
1978	estimate	685,811,073	10,154,627	7,166,205	1.96	71.2
1979	estimate	689,056,413	10,160,164	7,248,559	1.94	71.3
1980	estimate	692,435,491	10,195,384	7,360,546	1.93	71.3
1981	estimate	696,121,806	10,087,308	7,386,960	1.89	71.5
1982	estimate	699,065,577	10,145,460	7,344,962	1.89	71.9
1983	estimate	701,837,426	10,201,846	7,518,845	1.88	71.9
1984	estimate	704,719,622	10,104,767	7,525,568	1.86	72.0
1985	estimate	707,501,642	10,007,297	7,618,513	1.83	72.2
1986	estimate	710,379,182	10,118,419	7,435,675	1.85	72.8
1987	estimate	713,606,100	10,069,799	7,391,106	1.84	73.1
1988	estimate	716,730,608	9,917,070	7,474,488	1.82	73.2
1989	estimate	720,019,983	9,574,965	7,540,321	1.76	73.2
1990	estimate	722,828,878	9,338,614	7,699,530	1.72	73.1
1991	estimate	725,449,930	8,949,893	7,799,813	1.66	73.1
1992	estimate	727,517,081	8,553,024	7,981,203	1.59	72.8
1993	estimate	727,716,301	8,106,493	8,437,561	1.52	72.1
1994	estimate	728,295,523	7,905,413	8,527,153	1.49	72.0
1995	estimate	729,473,780	7,695,071	8,578,733	1.45	72.2
1996	estimate	729,287,418	7,600,873	8,410,127	1.44	72.7
1997	estimate	729,452,235	7,499,053	8,254,338	1.43	73.3
1998	estimate	729,398,016	7,414,230	8,226,953	1.42	73.6
1999	estimate	728,330,194	7,267,157	8,413,994	1.40	73.3
2000	estimate	728,105,163	7,307,709	8,401,632	1.41	73.4
2001	estimate	728,223,255	7,248,344	8,391,497	1.40	73.6
2002	estimate	728,252,190	7,317,803	8,536,885	1.42	73.6
2003	estimate	730,000,838	7,461,368	8,669,388	1.44	73.7
2004	estimate	730,751,912	7,580,448	8,406,623	1.47	74.2
2005	estimate	731,740,467	7,562,328	8,479,968	1.46	74.3
2006	estimate	732,352,562	7,708,811	8,244,984	1.49	74.9
2007	estimate	733,015,573	7,906,664	8,187,502	1.53	75.3
2008	estimate	734,777,083	8,200,935	8,196,768	1.59	75.6
2009	estimate	736,321,800	8,227,461	8,113,456	1.60	76.1
2010	estimate	737,549,640	8,236,451	8,164,378	1.61	76.2
2011	estimate	738,740,995	8,102,069	7,957,981	1.59	76.9
2012	estimate	739,977,415	8,181,389	8,061,254	1.61	77.1
2013	estimate	740,940,275	8,013,442	7,998,056	1.59	77.4
2014	estimate	742,001,287	8,037,361	7,953,126	1.61	77.7
2015	estimate	743,279,994	7,957,497	8,159,242	1.60	77.8
2016	estimate	745,194,076	7,933,467	8,035,193	1.61	78.2
2017	estimate	746,812,140	7,605,380	8,079,468	1.56	78.5
2018	estimate	748,046,284	7,371,056	8,175,564	1.52	78.5
2019	estimate	749,083,449	7,127,099	8,130,426	1.49	78.8
2020	estimate	749,924,805	6,947,411	9,208,546	1.47	77.7
2021	estimate	749,123,284	6,903,632	9,612,150	1.47	77.0
2022	estimate	748,103,725	6,520,637	8,811,692	1.41	78.2
2023	estimate	745,825,460	6,337,695	8,293,264	1.40	79.1
2024	estimate	745,380,289	6,272,979	8,431,950	1.40	79.3
2025	projection	744,787,358	6,207,369	8,462,554	1.41	79.5
2026	projection	744,010,306	6,141,446	8,497,271	1.41	79.6
2027	projection	742,954,417	6,089,427	8,529,778	1.42	79.8
2028	projection	741,789,712	6,050,415	8,565,759	1.43	79.9
2029	projection	740,527,354	6,019,069	8,602,251	1.43	80.1
2030	projection	739,157,092	6,000,799	8,637,505	1.44	80.3
2031	projection	737,709,816	5,994,596	8,680,537	1.45	80.4
2032	projection	736,143,121	6,003,058	8,722,793	1.45	80.6
2033	projection	734,589,397	6,022,559	8,769,572	1.46	80.7
2034	projection	733,012,588	6,056,074	8,821,424	1.46	80.9
2035	projection	731,408,719	6,094,672	8,871,339	1.47	81.0
2036	projection	729,772,301	6,143,792	8,920,977	1.47	81.2
2037	projection	728,095,921	6,190,146	8,972,722	1.47	81.4
2038	projection	726,400,876	6,238,676	9,025,375	1.48	81.5
2039	projection	724,703,647	6,284,098	9,081,247	1.48	81.7
2040	projection	722,958,262	6,324,612	9,130,020	1.48	81.8
2041	projection	721,244,985	6,361,064	9,178,594	1.48	82.0
2042	projection	719,536,975	6,389,418	9,225,370	1.48	82.1
2043	projection	717,819,948	6,407,023	9,269,753	1.49	82.3
2044	projection	716,032,201	6,404,399	9,309,621	1.49	82.4
2045	projection	714,211,693	6,388,157	9,342,261	1.49	82.6
2046	projection	712,348,012	6,357,951	9,376,358	1.49	82.7
2047	projection	710,440,743	6,313,726	9,404,242	1.50	82.9
2048	projection	708,437,352	6,256,978	9,424,486	1.50	83.0
2049	projection	706,353,868	6,187,530	9,442,328	1.50	83.2
2050	projection	704,160,178	6,112,452	9,456,808	1.50	83.3
2051	projection	701,895,340	6,030,803	9,467,120	1.50	83.4
2052	projection	699,538,177	5,948,043	9,474,657	1.50	83.6
2053	projection	697,115,447	5,868,098	9,479,320	1.51	83.7
2054	projection	694,513,787	5,788,035	9,478,905	1.51	83.8
2055	projection	691,851,882	5,712,088	9,473,078	1.51	84.0
2056	projection	689,074,611	5,643,583	9,464,965	1.51	84.1
2057	projection	686,255,708	5,586,617	9,454,071	1.52	84.2
2058	projection	683,407,303	5,533,940	9,436,505	1.52	84.3
2059	projection	680,520,071	5,491,625	9,416,859	1.52	84.5
2060	projection	677,603,749	5,458,625	9,390,500	1.53	84.6
2061	projection	674,715,931	5,433,978	9,359,678	1.53	84.7
2062	projection	671,815,464	5,417,964	9,325,554	1.53	84.8
2063	projection	668,937,913	5,407,268	9,287,859	1.53	85.0
2064	projection	666,081,659	5,406,174	9,243,339	1.54	85.1
2065	projection	663,254,683	5,411,887	9,199,671	1.54	85.2
2066	projection	660,460,070	5,417,939	9,154,660	1.54	85.4
2067	projection	657,736,199	5,428,223	9,109,640	1.54	85.5
2068	projection	655,082,673	5,443,218	9,062,794	1.54	85.6
2069	projection	652,466,405	5,460,478	9,011,571	1.54	85.8
2070	projection	649,895,466	5,477,116	8,962,329	1.54	85.9
2071	projection	647,385,173	5,490,358	8,905,957	1.54	86.0
2072	projection	644,924,503	5,503,058	8,851,981	1.55	86.2
2073	projection	642,548,048	5,514,026	8,795,147	1.55	86.3
2074	projection	640,200,398	5,518,679	8,736,643	1.55	86.4
2075	projection	637,905,638	5,514,907	8,674,270	1.55	86.5
2076	projection	635,718,057	5,509,259	8,609,515	1.55	86.7
2077	projection	633,586,691	5,498,417	8,540,568	1.55	86.8
2078	projection	631,465,691	5,478,251	8,470,614	1.55	86.9
2079	projection	629,415,129	5,456,490	8,396,729	1.55	87.0
2080	projection	627,404,688	5,429,743	8,322,376	1.55	87.2
2081	projection	625,461,889	5,396,819	8,242,644	1.55	87.3
2082	projection	623,586,203	5,361,278	8,164,117	1.55	87.4
2083	projection	621,727,154	5,322,998	8,081,059	1.56	87.5
2084	projection	619,907,599	5,282,692	7,998,594	1.56	87.6
2085	projection	618,109,287	5,241,984	7,920,305	1.56	87.8
2086	projection	616,324,202	5,202,228	7,841,386	1.56	87.9
2087	projection	614,569,384	5,165,075	7,769,826	1.56	88.0
2088	projection	612,868,772	5,129,184	7,698,741	1.56	88.1
2089	projection	611,200,078	5,094,271	7,632,409	1.56	88.2
2090	projection	609,526,977	5,064,424	7,579,187	1.57	88.3
2091	projection	607,859,160	5,037,585	7,530,710	1.57	88.4
2092	projection	606,237,617	5,013,293	7,490,149	1.57	88.5
2093	projection	604,606,876	4,991,549	7,463,522	1.57	88.7
2094	projection	603,012,855	4,976,157	7,444,097	1.57	88.8
2095	projection	601,427,078	4,963,681	7,436,755	1.57	88.9
2096	projection	599,799,503	4,954,453	7,436,469	1.57	89.0
2097	projection	598,134,460	4,947,865	7,441,092	1.57	89.1
2098	projection	596,471,930	4,945,699	7,449,889	1.58	89.2
2099	projection	594,809,663	4,942,814	7,461,772	1.58	89.3
2100	projection	593,112,880	4,943,184	7,475,276	1.58	89.5

AGG · members

Countries and areas in Europe

Europe: member countries and areas, population mid-2023, share of the group and projected mid-2100
#	Country or area	Mid-2023	Share	Mid-2100, projected
1	Russia	145,440,501	19.5%	126,386,516
2	Germany	84,548,231	11.3%	70,899,863
3	United Kingdom	68,682,962	9.2%	74,305,411
4	France	66,438,822	8.9%	68,484,558
5	Italy	59,499,453	8.0%	35,376,822
6	Spain	47,911,580	6.4%	33,127,478
7	Poland	38,762,844	5.2%	19,329,838
8	Ukraine	37,732,836	5.1%	15,197,403
9	Romania	19,118,478	2.6%	10,768,185
10	Netherlands	18,092,524	2.4%	17,507,518
11	Belgium	11,712,893	1.6%	11,060,848
12	Czechia	10,809,716	1.4%	8,228,075
13	Sweden	10,551,494	1.4%	11,366,895
14	Portugal	10,430,738	1.4%	8,753,987
15	Greece	10,242,909	1.4%	6,275,576
16	Hungary	9,686,464	1.3%	7,460,742
17	Austria	9,130,429	1.2%	7,399,328
18	Belarus	9,115,680	1.2%	4,350,962
19	Switzerland	8,870,561	1.2%	9,126,132
20	Bulgaria	6,795,803	0.91%	3,531,198
21	Serbia	6,773,201	0.91%	3,701,499
22	Denmark	5,948,137	0.80%	5,863,216
23	Finland	5,601,186	0.75%	4,601,058
24	Norway	5,519,167	0.74%	5,413,618
25	Slovakia	5,518,054	0.74%	3,427,216
26	Ireland	5,196,630	0.70%	5,286,120
27	Croatia	3,896,024	0.52%	2,141,438
28	Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,185,073	0.43%	1,366,462
29	Moldova	3,067,070	0.41%	1,487,721
30	Lithuania	2,854,099	0.38%	1,208,675
31	Albania	2,811,655	0.38%	1,184,998
32	Slovenia	2,118,396	0.28%	1,632,030
33	Latvia	1,882,396	0.25%	925,371
34	North Macedonia	1,831,802	0.25%	862,997
35	Kosovo	1,700,030	0.23%	1,094,726
36	Estonia	1,367,196	0.18%	825,503
37	Luxembourg	665,098	0.09%	747,990
38	Montenegro	633,552	0.08%	326,015
39	Malta	532,956	0.07%	359,932
40	Iceland	387,558	0.05%	362,582
41	Jersey	103,674	0.01%	99,810
42	Isle of Man	84,166	0.01%	58,064
43	Andorra	80,856	0.01%	47,222
44	Guernsey	64,017	less than 0.01%	52,910
45	Faroe Islands	54,713	less than 0.01%	63,251
46	Liechtenstein	39,598	less than 0.01%	43,598
47	Monaco	38,957	less than 0.01%	47,489
48	Gibraltar	38,470	less than 0.01%	49,262
49	San Marino	33,732	less than 0.01%	31,165

The UN's total for Europe also counts Holy See, which has no separate figures in this dataset: the rows above sum to 493 fewer people in mid-2023.

Show the numbers: Europe, mid-2026, by single year of age

Europe: population by single year of age, mid-2026
Age	Male	Female
0	3,179,240	3,012,120
1	3,226,790	3,060,110
2	3,270,240	3,101,860
3	3,339,020	3,166,890
4	3,488,430	3,310,850
5	3,594,190	3,412,590
6	3,654,080	3,469,930
7	3,774,430	3,583,230
8	3,900,410	3,701,890
9	4,075,880	3,868,260
10	4,184,370	3,968,180
11	4,199,640	3,982,720
12	4,219,730	4,004,260
13	4,257,820	4,035,750
14	4,270,360	4,045,980
15	4,237,540	4,024,680
16	4,251,950	4,043,970
17	4,297,980	4,087,890
18	4,283,400	4,077,710
19	4,219,190	4,022,550
20	4,187,840	4,001,000
21	4,187,660	4,003,730
22	4,174,740	3,989,230
23	4,126,290	3,937,940
24	4,083,820	3,889,410
25	4,118,140	3,911,450
26	4,142,550	3,922,450
27	4,154,620	3,932,290
28	4,195,080	3,981,050
29	4,225,070	4,022,950
30	4,284,500	4,092,750
31	4,364,520	4,182,650
32	4,458,470	4,287,110
33	4,626,830	4,469,470
34	4,840,760	4,688,460
35	5,052,440	4,903,740
36	5,178,380	5,057,450
37	5,236,740	5,137,460
38	5,302,490	5,220,850
39	5,328,520	5,277,560
40	5,313,430	5,290,500
41	5,254,910	5,254,350
42	5,238,330	5,240,150
43	5,236,080	5,245,270
44	5,149,360	5,196,740
45	5,195,650	5,276,830
46	5,226,350	5,314,750
47	5,117,070	5,212,060
48	5,067,570	5,180,970
49	5,047,490	5,181,810
50	5,044,360	5,210,080
51	5,033,200	5,217,230
52	4,970,100	5,165,490
53	4,945,370	5,168,380
54	4,952,630	5,231,330
55	4,966,810	5,253,450
56	4,981,840	5,237,500
57	4,887,170	5,213,690
58	4,820,520	5,199,690
59	4,782,460	5,173,550
60	4,768,740	5,202,350
61	4,796,480	5,281,370
62	4,753,860	5,302,430
63	4,669,840	5,254,800
64	4,572,780	5,238,350
65	4,501,340	5,264,290
66	4,387,150	5,222,480
67	4,209,860	5,087,820
68	4,051,950	4,957,440
69	3,896,970	4,856,110
70	3,741,830	4,755,400
71	3,576,980	4,643,400
72	3,379,920	4,458,750
73	3,221,760	4,314,770
74	3,083,290	4,197,680
75	2,959,230	4,071,240
76	2,870,900	4,009,330
77	2,691,140	3,777,320
78	2,501,920	3,532,000
79	2,263,540	3,258,220
80	1,885,880	2,746,680
81	1,649,770	2,430,590
82	1,525,480	2,282,440
83	1,382,270	2,152,660
84	1,294,040	2,146,260
85	1,234,040	2,145,080
86	1,127,950	2,044,780
87	980,748	1,859,610
88	835,887	1,654,440
89	692,351	1,420,920
90	558,560	1,182,610
91	437,278	962,080
92	331,644	767,054
93	254,872	632,618
94	194,854	518,394
95	143,038	406,160
96	100,612	308,102
97	67,654	224,536
98	43,638	156,054
99	26,995	105,180
100+	34,671	169,757

AGG · 1950–2100 · every age, every year

Europe, every age in every year

Each column is a year and each row an age; the denser the ink in a cell, the more people. Everyone born in the same year climbs one 45° diagonal, so famines, baby booms and migration show up as streaks. Select a cell to follow its generation.

AGG · ages 15–64

Who does the work in Europe

Europe had the most working-age people it is ever expected to have in 2010: 503,520,000 people aged 15–64, against 480,201,000 in 2023.

100 aged 15–64

24 children

31 aged 65+

aged 15–64 children under 15 aged 65 and over

How to read this: take 100 people of working age — the orange row — and the two rows under it are the children (teal) and the people of 65 and over (violet) who lived alongside them in 2023.

Fewer than 50 dependants live alongside every 100 people aged 15–64 in 31 years: 1984–2014.

fewer than 50 dependants per 100 the same, projected 50 or more

How to read this: the strip runs 1950 to 2100. Coloured years are the ones with under 50 dependants for every 100 people aged 15–64; grey years are the rest, and a hatched year has not happened yet.

How every country compares

AGG · arrivals minus departures

Who arrives in Europe, and who leaves

In 2020–2025 Europe gains 1,249,407 people a year: everyone who arrives, minus everyone who leaves. The age at which that happens most is 20–24, at 353,875 a year more arriving than leaving.

one square = 50,000 people a year

020406080+

more arrive than leave more leave than arrive

How to read this: age runs left to right, babies to 100. A blue square above the line means arrivals outnumber departures at that age, an orange square below it means the opposite. The figures are the UN's projection for 2020–2025; nobody recorded migration by age before 2020.

Its best and worst years between 1950 and 2023: a gain of 2,967,766 (2002), and a loss of 757,514 (1970).

This is a group of countries, so its figure counts only moves across its own outer edge: someone moving from one country inside it to another does not appear.

How migration works everywhere

AGG · births by the mother's age · 1950–2100

Who has the babies in Europe

Of every 100 babies born in Europe in 2023, 3 had a mother under 20, 71 a mother aged 20 to 34 and 26 a mother aged 35 or older. In 1950 it was 5 under 20 and 18 aged 35 or older.

1950
5 · 77 · 18

2023
3 · 71 · 26

2050 · projected
1 · 68 · 31

The mother's age: under 20 20 to 34 35 or older projected

How to read this: one block a year, 100 squares in each, a square for every hundredth baby. The colour is the mother's age group, and the three numbers underneath are those groups in order, youngest first.

Babies born, 2023: 6,337,695
Average age when women have a baby: 30.5 years; 28.9 in 1950
Babies a year per 1,000 girls aged 15–19: 9; 27 in 1950

Babies by the mother's age, 1950–2100

Babies born in Europe by the mother's age
Mother's age	1950	1975	2000	2023	2050 projected	2100 projected
10–14	2,157	3,937	3,735	2,277	486	399
15–19	624,713	999,149	507,705	163,043	56,838	49,692
20–24	3,622,292	3,917,395	1,791,780	780,183	454,359	416,312
25–29	3,815,649	3,122,464	2,247,283	1,641,668	1,468,041	1,281,902
30–34	1,952,521	1,330,864	1,834,162	2,115,694	2,257,206	1,775,626
35–39	1,511,198	725,962	776,813	1,294,851	1,457,863	1,089,813
40–44	594,569	187,389	139,448	312,300	378,681	293,809
45–49	43,847	17,744	6,242	27,214	38,582	35,274
50–54	852	1,847	541	465	396	357
All babies	12,167,798	10,306,751	7,307,709	6,337,695	6,112,452	4,943,184

The UN's births for each year, split by the mother's age in the UN's own proportions.

Apparatus

Sources and method

Every figure on this page comes from the UN's World Population Prospects 2024: the annual tables for regions and groups (estimates to 2023, then the medium projection), and the population by single year of age and sex for the pyramid.

Sources: UN WPP 2024 · World Bank · UN WUP 2025 · Maddison Project 2020 · flag-icons. Every source, its licence and how to cite it →

Checked before it was drawn

Verified 2026-09-30 · 73 canaries The 49 countries listed were summed and checked against the UN's total for every year. The pyramid for every year was checked against the published total. What that stamp counts, and what every page here has to pass before it can be built: how this site checks its figures.